PROBLEM STATEMENT

How can I help car owners quickly find available parking spots in their neighborhood using real-time information?

PROJECT OVERVIEW

SPOTFINDER is a conceptual mobile application designed to address the common problem of finding parking spaces in busy urban areas. The app assists users in locating registered parking spaces near their destinations and provides an option to book these spaces in advance.

Project Scope

The project entails designing a user-friendly mobile app for drivers and parking facility managers, with dedicated screens for both. It streamlines searching, booking, and managing parking spaces.

Target Audience

1. Primary Users: Urban drivers looking for convenient parking solutions.

2. Secondary Users: Security guards managing the parking spaces.

Role

Product Thinking, UX Research, UI Design, Information Architecture, Interaction Design.

UX PROCESS

DESIGN FRAMEWORK

DISCOVER

Parking is a common challenge in crowded cities and popular tourist destinations. Drivers often waste time searching for available spaces due to disorganized systems, confusing multi-level parking structures, and unclear signage. Payment methods are often cumbersome, and real-time information on availability is lacking, adding to user frustration.

This problem is not unique to any one region; cities across the world, experience similar issues. Although map apps offer some guidance, they rarely provide reliable information about parking availability or costs.

INITIAL RESEARCH

To better understand the parking issues in crowded cities, I conducted research using existing articles and surveys. This provided valuable insights into the challenges users face when trying to find available parking spaces and the frustration it causes.

Some key highlights were

1. Limited Parking Space: There is a significant gap between the increasing number of vehicles and the availability of parking spots, leading to high demand and limited supply.

2. Inadequate Infrastructure: Many parking infrastructures are insufficient, poorly planned, and not well-maintained, causing congestion and disorganization.

3. Lack of Parking Management: Inefficient parking management systems result in mismanagement, difficulty in locating available spaces, and unauthorized parking.

4. Traffic Congestion: Parking-related problems contribute to traffic congestion, as drivers circle around searching for spaces, disrupting traffic flow.

5. Need for Multi-Level Parking: Multi-level parking structures could help alleviate overcrowding in cities and increase available parking options.

6. High Parking Costs: Parking fees, especially in commercial areas, can be prohibitively expensive, deterring vehicle use and affecting both businesses and mobility.

7. Security Concerns: Parking areas, particularly in downtown or airport zones, often face security risks such as theft, vandalism, and vehicle damage due to poor lighting and surveillance.

Other Interesting highlights were

• According to Forbes, over 91% of American households owned at least one car as of 2022.

• There could be up to 2 billion parking spaces in the U.S., yet parking remains a significant challenge.

• Americans spend an average of 17 hours per year searching for parking.

Screenshots from different articles

USER RESEARCH

To gain a deeper understanding of users’ experiences and expectations, I conducted interviews with 30 frequent users and 6 security guards of basic and multi-level parking facilities. These interviews allowed me to explore their frustrations, preferences, and suggestions for improvement, providing valuable insights into their needs and pain points. I conducted these interviews in San Diego, California, to validate the common parking issues in a real-world context.

Some of the personal interview questions (Drivers)

• How frequently do you use the current parking system (basic or multi-level) in your city?

• On average, how much time do you spend searching for an available parking space?

• What are the biggest challenges you face while using the current parking system?

• Have you ever experienced difficulties in navigating within a multi-level parking facility? If yes, could you please describe the specific issues you encountered?

• How do you feel about the current availability of parking spaces during peak hours? Is it sufficient or do you often struggle to find a spot?

• Have you ever faced any security concerns while using the current parking system? If yes, could you please share your experiences?

• What is your opinion on the current payment methods available at parking facilities? Do you find them convenient and efficient?

• How would you rate the cleanliness and maintenance of the parking facilities you have used? Are there any specific issues you have noticed?

• How important is it for you to have real-time information about parking availability, rates, and other relevant details? How do you currently obtain this information?

• Can you share any suggestions or ideas for improving the overall parking experience in terms of convenience, efficiency, and user-friendliness?

Pain points:

Through my research, I identified the primary pain points people experience, such as confusion, obstacles, and frustration during their parking process. People currently use a range of parking methods, including on-street parking, off-street parking lots, parking garages, private parking spaces, valet services, and shared parking options.

1. Limited parking availability during peak hours.

2. There is no way of knowing if parking has vacant spots until you reach there.

3. Inefficient space utilization and wasted parking spots.

4. Confusing layout and inadequate navigation signage in multi-level parking facilities.

5. Hard to find your car, especially if you forget your spot number.

6. Many parking places use physical tokens or tickets that can be easily damaged or lost.

7. Complex slot organization and unclear pricing structures.

8. Slow and inefficient payment methods cause delays.

9. Lack of real-time information on parking availability and rates.

10. The map of most of the apps doesn’t offer a great map service to find & locate parking slots.

11. Security concerns and risks of vehicle damages in unstructured parking areas.

Some of the personal interview questions (Security Guards)

1. Can you describe a typical day for you while managing the parking facility, highlighting the key tasks you perform?

2. How do you monitor the availability of parking spots, and what methods do you use to ensure reserved spaces are utilized correctly?

3. What are the most significant challenges you encounter during peak parking hours, and how do you address them?

4. How do you manage unauthorized parking, and what specific strategies do you employ to prevent vehicles from overstaying their allotted time?

5. Are you currently utilizing any software or technology for parking management? If so, what features do you find most beneficial, and if not, what tools do you believe would enhance your operations?

6. How would having real-time data about parking availability and bookings improve your management of the facility?

7. Have you faced security issues like theft or vehicle damage in the facility? What measures do you currently take to address these concerns?

8. How do you communicate with drivers regarding issues like overbookings or security problems, and what challenges do you face with this communication?

9. What procedures do you follow in emergency situations (e.g., accidents or safety concerns) in the parking lot, and how effective are these protocols?

10. If you could implement three features or tools to improve parking management efficiency, what would they be, and why?

Pain points:

1. Many facilities rely on manual tracking or outdated software to track parking space availability, which can lead to errors and inefficiencies.

2. Communication with drivers may primarily occur through verbal announcements or signage, which can be unclear or insufficient during busy times.

3. A common issue is unauthorized vehicles occupying reserved spots, which complicates space management and diminishes trust in the system.

4. Slow response times to security incidents due to inefficient reporting mechanisms can escalate issues, affecting safety and user satisfaction.

5. Implementing a real-time tracking system for parking space availability would streamline operations and reduce user frustration.

6. Developing in-app communication features could facilitate direct interaction between drivers and security staff, improving responsiveness and clarity during incidents.

7. Introducing an in-app reporting system for security concerns, like unauthorized parking or damage, could empower users to report issues promptly and enhance overall safety.

8. Automated notifications for issues such as vehicle overstays or unauthorized access would help security guards take proactive measures.

9. Creating an easy way for drivers to provide feedback on their parking experience could inform ongoing improvements and enhance user satisfaction.

Most users suggested the need for an app that

Provides transparent information about parking locations, real-time availability of parking slots, and a seamless experience across different parking facilities.

COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS

COMPETITOR IDENTIFICATION

In a competitive analysis, it is essential to identify both direct and indirect competitors. Direct competitors are apps that provide parking solutions, while indirect competitors offer alternatives to traditional parking by reducing the need for personal vehicle usage or providing alternative modes of transportation. These indirect competitors, by promoting alternative mobility options, significantly impact parking demand and user behavior in urban environments. Understanding the role of these competitors is crucial to developing a parking app that stands out in the market.

MARKET POSITIONING OF COMPETITORS

This includes a detailed comparison of key features, pricing models, user experience, and market reach of competing apps. Understanding how each competitor performs in these areas allows for the identification of strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities that can guide the development and market positioning of your app.

Feature Comparison - A side-by-side evaluation of the functionalities provided by competitors, identifying areas for potential innovation and differentiation.

The analysis compares how competitors monetize their services through various strategies, including subscription models, pay-per-use options, and dynamic pricing. It also evaluates the intuitiveness and visual appeal of their user experience (UX), ensuring a user-friendly interface. Furthermore, the assessment looks at each app's geographic reach and target audience, identifying opportunities for expansion in underserved markets.

SWOT ANALYSIS

In evaluating the competitive landscape for car parking apps, I conduct a SWOT analysis to identify the opportunities and challenges present in the market. This analysis serves as a roadmap for navigating the market effectively and making informed decisions that enhance our competitive positioning.

KEY TAKEAWAY

Based on the above research, the core problems are:

Parking in urban areas is challenging; drivers value real-time availability.

Lack of a reliable system for advance booking of parking spaces.

Need for an efficient management and verification system for security guards.

DEFINE

AFFINITY MAPPING

Affinity Mapping organizes insights from interviews with drivers and guards, categorizing their needs, frustrations, and preferences. This process highlights critical UI and app functionalities:

1. Drivers: Require a minimalistic, intuitive UI for quick bookings, clear confirmations, and real-time navigation.

2. Guards: Need an efficient interface for managing bookings, tracking spaces, and updating statuses.

3. Shared Elements:

   • Color Coding: Green for available, blue for reserved, red for occupied.

   • Responsive Layout: Adapts seamlessly across devices for both users.

   • Accessibility: Support multiple languages, large fonts, and voice assistance.

These findings guide the development of Personas, Empathy Maps, User Stories, and Journey Maps, ensuring the app effectively meets user needs.

PERSONAS

Personas represent key user groups (e.g., drivers and parking staff) by synthesizing common traits, goals, and frustrations into relatable profiles. They help ensure the app design aligns with the real-world needs and expectations of its users. For example, Sarah (Driver Persona) prioritizes quick bookings, while John (Parking Manager Persona) values tools for efficient space tracking.

Driver Persona: Sarah Johnson

Parking Facility Manager: Alex Taylor

EMPATHY MAP

Empathy Maps provide deeper insights into each persona's thoughts, feelings, actions, and statements. They serve as an extension of the personas, helping to visualize emotional and psychological experiences with the app. This process ensures the design solutions address the core needs and expectations of the users.

USER STORIES

User Stories outline the specific tasks each persona aims to accomplish with the app, bridging their needs with the app's development. For instance, Sarah wants to book parking quickly, while Alex needs to manage bookings efficiently. These stories ensure the app supports user goals and creates a seamless parking experience.

USER JOURNEY MAP

The User Journey Map visualizes the steps each persona takes while interacting with the app, focusing on key moments, challenges, and opportunities for improvement. It represents the ideal journey, ensuring the app’s design addresses user needs, solves problems, and creates a seamless experience.

TARGET AUDIENCE

Based on research findings, the target audience for the parking app comprises two primary groups: drivers and parking facility staff. Understanding their distinct needs and challenges is critical for designing an app that provides a seamless and convenient experience for both, from booking to parking management. These insights drive the app's user-centric design.

The Define phase lays a solid foundation for the next step: the Develop phase. With these insights, the focus will shift to brainstorming ideas, creating prototypes, and testing solutions to ensure they deliver the best possible experience for both user groups.

KEY TAKEAWAY

The Define section identifies the app’s target audience i.e. drivers and parking staff.

Affinity Mapping highlights important design features like easy booking, real-time tracking, and accessible interfaces.

Personas and Empathy Maps provide a clear understanding of user goals, frustrations, and behaviors, helping shape a user-centered design.

User Stories and Journey Maps turn these insights into actionable steps, ensuring the app meets user needs and creates a smooth experience.

DEVELOP

In the Develop phase of the Double Diamond UX process for the parking app, we focused on creating task flows, user flows, a site map, information architecture, and wireframes. These were all informed by the insights gathered during the Discover and Define phases.

USER FLOWS

User flows visualize how users navigate the app to complete tasks, building on task flows by showing entry points, decisions, and pathways. For instance: Driver User Flow: Illustrates how a driver searches for parking, filters results, selects a spot, and navigates to the location.

SITE MAP

A site map defines the structure and organization of the app, showing how screens and sections are logically connected. It comes after user flows and task flows to ensure that all the necessary screens are included and logically connected based on the tasks and journeys users need to complete. The final output is a hierarchical diagram that clearly represents the app's screens and how they relate to each other.

For instance:

• Drivers: Home → Search Results → Booking → Confirmation → Profile.

• Guards: Dashboard → Booking Verification → Management Tools → Settings

TASK FLOWS

Task flows break down the individual steps users take to complete specific actions within the app, ensuring the app is intuitive and goal-oriented.
For example:

• Driver Task Flow: Guides drivers from selecting a parking location to confirming their booking.

• Security Guard Task Flow: Outlines steps for managing parking spaces, verifying bookings, and addressing parking issues.

Driver User Flow: Booking a Parking Spot

Security Guard User Flow: Managing Parking Spaces

Driver Task Flow: Booking a Parking Spot

Security Guard Task Flow: Booking a Parking Spot

INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE

The Information Architecture (IA) organizes the app's content and features into a clear and logical structure, ensuring intuitive navigation for users. By grouping, labeling, and structuring content effectively, IA makes it easier for users to complete their tasks seamlessly. This architecture is informed by the site map and user flows, creating a foundation for intuitive design.

In this app, the IA is tailored to meet the needs of two primary user groups: drivers, who require quick and efficient access to parking-related features, and parking facility staff (guards), who need tools to manage parking spaces and bookings. The structure provides a logical hierarchy for both user groups, enhancing usability and ensuring a smooth experience.

Information Architecture for Driver

Information Architecture for Parking Facility Staff (Guards)

Lo-Fi FIDELITY WIREFRAMES

Low-fidelity (Lo-Fi) wireframes are basic visual layouts that represent the structure and placement of key elements on each screen. These wireframes serve as a bridge between the site map, information architecture, and the visual design of the app, translating the planned hierarchy into tangible layouts.

Lo-Fi wireframes focus on functionality and user interaction rather than visual details, providing a clear understanding of what users will see and interact with. They offer a foundation for feedback and iteration, ensuring the design aligns with user needs and expectations.

The output includes sketches or simple digital wireframes, outlining essential components of each screen, such as navigation menus, input fields, and buttons, paving the way for mid-fidelity and high-fidelity prototypes.

PROTOTYPING

Prototyping involves creating interactive versions of the wireframes to test the app's functionality and usability. This step combines design elements into a dynamic, clickable experience, allowing users and stakeholders to interact with the app as if it were fully functional.

Prototyping is typically the final step in the Develop phase, as it integrates all previous design outputs, such as task flows, user flows, and wireframes, into a cohesive experience. The resulting prototype simulates user interactions, providing valuable insights for refinement and ensuring the app meets user expectations before moving to development.

DEVELOP

References

Initial Research

https://www.hardingaps.com/parking-blog/6-worst-cities-for-parking-in-the-us-in-2023

https://obrag.org/2023/11/san-diego-ranked-worst-city-in-us-for-parking-availability-according-to-new-study/

https://www.yahoo.com/news/san-diego-ranked-worst-us-164023702.html?guccounter=1

https://www.islands.com/1635015/worst-cities-finding-parking-america/